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Timing of daily calorie loading affects appetite and hunger responses without changes in energy metabolism in healthy subjects with obesity.
Ruddick-Collins, LC, Morgan, PJ, Fyfe, CL, Filipe, JAN, Horgan, GW, Westerterp, KR, Johnston, JD, Johnstone, AM
Cell metabolism. 2022;34(10):1472-1485.e6
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Recent research has shown that the time of the day when a larger meal is consumed may influence energy utilisation, positively affecting weight loss. This randomised, crossover, isocaloric and eucaloric controlled feeding trial compared morning-loaded calorie intake with evening-loaded calorie intake to assess its effects on weight and metabolism. Thirty healthy, overweight, or obese individuals participated in this study for four weeks and assessed their energy intake and energy expenditure. Based on the findings of this study, there were no discernible variations in either resting metabolic rate or total energy expenditure based on the timing of energy intake. Morning loaded diet can significantly lower hunger and improve satiety compared to the evening-loaded diet. Because of these effects, a morning-loaded diet may aid weight loss through behavioural adaptations. Healthcare professionals can use the results of this study to understand the benefits of morning-loaded calorie intake in terms of hunger suppression and increased satiety which may promote weight loss through behavioural change. Further robust studies are required to evaluate the metabolic outcomes and energy metabolism followed by morning-loaded energy intake and evening-loaded energy intake.
Abstract
Morning loaded calorie intake in humans has been advocated as a dietary strategy to improve weight loss. This is also supported by animal studies suggesting time of eating can prevent weight gain. However, the underlying mechanisms through which timing of eating could promote weight loss in humans are unclear. In a randomized crossover trial (NCT03305237), 30 subjects with obesity/overweight underwent two 4-week calorie-restricted but isoenergetic weight loss diets, with morning loaded or evening loaded calories (45%:35%:20% versus 20%:35%:45% calories at breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively). We demonstrate no differences in total daily energy expenditure or resting metabolic rate related to the timing of calorie distribution, and no difference in weight loss. Participants consuming the morning loaded diet reported significantly lower hunger. Thus, morning loaded intake (big breakfast) may assist with compliance to weight loss regime through a greater suppression of appetite.
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Gastric emptying of solutions containing the natural sweetener erythritol and effects on gut hormone secretion in humans: A pilot dose-ranging study.
Wölnerhanssen, BK, Drewe, J, Verbeure, W, le Roux, CW, Dellatorre-Teixeira, L, Rehfeld, JF, Holst, JJ, Hartmann, B, Tack, J, Peterli, R, et al
Diabetes, obesity & metabolism. 2021;23(6):1311-1321
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In recent years, erythritol, a non-calorie sweetener, has gained popularity due to the rise in obesity and Type 2 diabetes worldwide. The purpose of this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial was to assess the effects of erythritol on the release of gut hormones, speed of gastric emptying, and the release of glucagon, motilin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide after erythritol administration. Erythritol in doses of ten, twenty-five, and fifty grams was well tolerated by the participants. The administration of erythritol induced a statistically significant dose-dependent stimulation of gut hormones such as plasma cholecystokinin, active glucagon‐like peptide‐1 and peptide tyrosine. Compared to the placebo, participants had slower gastric emptying with erythritol. Erythritol had no effect on the levels of motilin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, blood lipids, or uric acid. Erythritol should be evaluated in larger, robust studies to determine whether it improves glycaemic control. However, healthcare professionals can use the results of this study to understand the potential uses of erythritol in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Abstract
AIM: To determine whether a dose-dependent effect in the stimulation of gut hormone release (plasma cholecystokinin [CCK], active glucagon-like peptide-1 [aGLP-1] and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY]) is found for the natural sweetener erythritol. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve healthy, lean volunteers received solutions with 10, 25 or 50 g erythritol, or tap water enriched with 13 C-sodium acetate on four study days via a nasogastric tube in this randomized (active treatments), placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial. Blood samples and breath samples (13 C-sodium acetate method for measurement of gastric emptying [GE]) were taken at regular intervals, and sensations of appetite and gastrointestinal symptoms were rated. RESULTS We found (a) a dose-dependent stimulation of CCK, aGLP-1 and PYY, and slowing of GE, (b) no effect on blood glucose, insulin, motilin, glucagon or glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, (c) no effect on blood lipids and uric acid, and (d) no abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting. CONCLUSIONS Solutions with 10 and 50 g of erythritol stimulated gut hormone release. Emptying of erythritol-containing solutions from the stomach was slower compared with placebo. There was no effect on plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, blood lipids or uric acid. All doses were well tolerated.
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Metabolic, hormonal and performance effects of isomaltulose ingestion before prolonged aerobic exercise: a double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial.
Notbohm, HL, Feuerbacher, JF, Papendorf, F, Friese, N, Jacobs, MW, Predel, HG, Zacher, J, Bloch, W, Schumann, M
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2021;18(1):38
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Isomaltulose is a low-glycaemic index carbohydrate that lowers insulin and glucose levels postprandially. The benefits of taking Isomaltulose in an exercise setting are not well studied. This double-blinded, randomised, crossover study evaluated the effects of Isomaltulose intake on metabolic responses, hormonal responses, exercise performance and gastrointestinal disturbances in runners. Twenty-one male recreational endurance runners took part in four separate experimental sessions to compare Isomaltulose to maltodextrin and glucose. Fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates were not different among groups. This might be because the lower dose of Isomaltulose (50g) was used in this trial. Compared to glucose and maltodextrin, isomaltulose lowered metabolic and hormonal responses to exercise. In the study, Isomaltulose, glucose, and maltodextrin did not differ in exercise performance or gastrointestinal disturbances. A higher dose may be needed in order to demonstrate exercise performance, but caution should be exercised since a higher dose may cause gastrointestinal upset. A robust investigation of Isomalulose dose and its effects on glucose, insulin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptides is required to determine if exercise leads to hypoglycaemia in the clinical population. Healthcare practitioners can use the findings of this study to understand the advantageous effects of 50g Isomaltulose in regulating glucose, insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide during aerobic exercise.
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isomaltulose has been discussed as a low glycaemic carbohydrate but evidence concerning performance benefits and physiological responses has produced varying results. Therefore, we primarily aimed to investigate the effects of isomaltulose ingestion compared to glucose and maltodextrin on fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates, blood glucose levels and serum hormone concentrations of insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). As secondary aims, we assessed running performance and gastrointestinal discomfort. METHODS Twenty-one male recreational endurance runners performed a 70-min constant load trial at 70% maximal running speed (Vmax), followed by a time to exhaustion (TTE) test at 85% Vmax after ingesting either 50 g isomaltulose, maltodextrin or glucose. Fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates were calculated from spiroergometric data. Venous blood samples for measurement of GIP and insulin were drawn before, after the constant load trial and after the TTE. Capillary blood samples for glucose concentrations and subjective feeling of gastrointestinal discomfort were collected every 10 min during the constant load trial. RESULTS No between-condition differences were observed in the area under the curve analysis of fat (p = 0.576) and carbohydrate oxidation rates (p = 0.887). Isomaltulose ingestion led to lower baseline postprandial concentrations of blood glucose compared to maltodextrin (percent change [95% confidence interval], - 16.7% [- 21.8,-11.6], p < 0.001) and glucose (- 11.5% [- 17.3,-5.7], p = 0.001). Similarly, insulin and GIP concentrations were also lower following isomaltulose ingestion compared to maltodextrin (- 40.3% [- 50.5,-30.0], p = 0.001 and - 69.1% [- 74.3,-63.8], p < 0.001, respectively) and glucose (- 32.6% [- 43.9,-21.2], p = 0.012 and - 55.8% [- 70.7,-40.9], p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, glucose fluctuation was lower after isomaltulose ingestion compared to maltodextrin (- 26.0% [- 34.2,-17.8], p < 0.001) and glucose (- 17.4% [- 29.1,-5.6], p < 0.001). However, during and after exercise, no between-condition differences for glucose (p = 0.872), insulin (p = 0.503) and GIP (p = 0.244) were observed. No between-condition differences were found for TTE (p = 0.876) or gastrointestinal discomfort (p = 0.119). CONCLUSION Isomaltulose ingestion led to lower baseline postprandial concentrations of glucose, insulin and GIP compared to maltodextrin and glucose. Consequently, blood glucose fluctuations were lower during treadmill running after isomaltulose ingestion, while no between-condition differences were observed for CHO and fat oxidation rates, treadmill running performance and gastrointestinal discomfort. Further research is required to provide specific guidelines on supplementing isomaltulose in performance and health settings.